The United Kingdoms Ageing Population

Like many countries across Europe, the United Kingdoms population is ageing. Although the number of elderly people is not rising as quickly as some countries such as Italy or Japan, the UK’s 2001 census showed that for the first time, there were more people aged 65 and older than under 16 living in the country. Between 1984 and 2009, the percentage of the population aged 65 rose from 15% to 16% which is an increase of 1.7 million people. Over same period, the proportion of those under 16 fell from 21% to 19%. By 2040, it is estimated that there will be 15 million people aged 65 or over, compared to 8.7 million under 16.Within this older age cohort, the most rapid rise has been made by the ‘oldest old’ who are aged 85. Their numbers have increased from 660,000 in 1984 to 1.4 million in 2009.By 2034, it is predicted that there will be 3.5 million people in the elderly age range, accounting for 5% of the UK population. Nearly 90,000 of these will be over 100 years old – seven times the 2009 figure. Why is the Population Ageing? These are the reasons for an ageing population: increased life expectancy and Increased fertility rate, Life Expectancy As medicine advances and older populations are healthier, they will live longer and thus the population as a whole will age. Fertility Rate In the UK, the fertility rate has been below replacement levels since the early 1970s. The average fertility is presently 1.94 but there are regional differences within this, with Scotland’s fertility rate currently 1.77 compared with 2.04 in Northern Ireland. There is also a shift to higher mean pregnancy ages – women giving birth in 2009 were on average one year older (29.4) than those in 1999 (28.4). There a lot of factors that have contributed to this change. These include improved availability and effectiveness of contraception; the rising costs of living; increasing female participation in the labour market; changing social attitudes; and the rise of individualism. Impacts on Society Work and Pensions Longer retirement periods may lead to an increased level of pensioner poverty, especially amongst those who have not been able to pay into occupational schemes. Women are particularly vulnerable to this. They have a higher life expectancy than men and can lose their husband’s pension support if he dies first. They are also more likely to have taken time out of the labor market to raise children or care for others, meaning they may not have saved enough for their retirement. In response to this, the UK government recently announced plans to remove the fixed retirement age meaning that employers can no longer force people to retire once they reach 65. They have also announced plans to increase the retirement age for women from 60 to 65 by 2018. It will then be raised to 66 for both men women by 2020. Employers are also being encouraged to employ older workers and specialist initiatives are being put in place to support older people in returning to work. Healthcare Positive Impacts It is also noted that healthy retirees are able to provide care to their grandchildren and more likely to be involved in community activities. They are more inclined to support the arts by attending concerts, theatres and galleries and some studies show that as we get older, our satisfaction with life increases. In addition, communities are likely to become safer as older people are statistically less likely to commit crimes.

The Home School Link Between Home And School - 1436 Words

THE HOME SCHOOL CONNECTION In order to improve the education of disadvantaged children, the existing gaps between home and school need to be addressed. There is a great deal of research evidence showing that home/school connections are beneficial to educational goals. Sanders (2008) reports that home/school partnerships contribute to higher student achievement, improved student behavior and attendance, and more positive school climates. DePlanty, et al. (2007) describe the findings of various research studies regarding the positive impacts that occur when home and school environments are brought together. According to the evidence, these positive impacts occur as a result of parents providing support, encouragement, and reinforcement†¦show more content†¦Various reasons have been identified for why parents and other family members might fail to become adequately involved in the schooling of their children. For example, as reported by DePlanty, et al. (2007) studies have indicated that some parent s tend to become less involved when their children grow into adolescence. This is believed to be due to parents feeling that their involvement is less important with older children, as well as the feeling that adolescents need more independence than younger children. Other findings have suggested that parents will be less involved in their children’s schoolwork if they lack sufficient social networks. There have also been research indications that school involvement is related to the educational level of the parents (DePlanty, et al, 2007). In addition, Christenson Sheridan (2001) note that stereotypical attitudes among both parents and educators contribute to creating barriers between home and school. The problem is particularly acute among the families of disadvantaged children. Parents of poor families often feel that they have more pressing needs to attend to than the education of their children. As Berger (2008) says in this regard, â€Å"concern about finances makes it difficult to provide for housing and nutrition, let alone concentrate on emotional and educational needs of the family† (p. 5). In addition, low-income parents often must work at more than one job, or have preschool children to care for.

Mumps Analysis Essay Example For Students

Mumps Analysis Essay Mumps is a disease caused by a virus and occurs only in human beings. Mumps is found all over the world.Mumps is a contagious disease when thesalivary glands, on one or both sides of the jaw, swells. Mumps usually occursin school age children, but young adults may catch the disease. Everyone bornbefore1957 has already had mumps. After one attack of mumps, you will havelifelong immunity. The mumps virus is spread by contact of another personsdischarge from the nose or mouth. The virus is present in these discharges fromsix days before symptoms to nine days after the glands begin to swell. The viruswill then incubate for two to three weeks before symptoms appear. Symptoms include headaches, jaw being painful and tender to the touch,fever, and difficulty swallowing. The swelling usually disappears after sevento ten days. Some complications includedeafness (usually only in one ear),arthritis, meningitis (inflammation of brain membranes) and pancreatitis(inflammation of the pancreas). One of every four male adults with the viruswill develop orchtis,which is inflammation of the testes. Sometimes femaleswill have inflammation of the ovaries. Extremely rare cases will result insterility. Mumps is diagnosed by symptoms, but a blood, urine or saliva testcan confirm that you have the virus. Treatment of the virus includes diet ofsoft foods, bed rest, and pain relievers. The mumps vaccine is given tochildren that are about twelve months old. The vaccine is usually conbined withmeasles and rubella vaccines, which is called the MMR vaccine. Category: Science